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Literary criticism is an activity that has always defined its limits must also continually exceed, the only standard invariab you is that, when critics go beyond its borders, it must do so conscientiously.
TS Eliot, Goethe as learned
What is the nu Be
wise According to Wikipedia, "Cloud computing, the English Cloud computing is a paradigm that can offer services computer through Internet . The tag is a metaphor the Internet. "
For will several years, many computer scientists realized that for a lot of capacity and / or speed that showed personal computers, Internet had a power and resources that allowed many complex operations were resolved by extracting the P C or personal Macs and solved by cloud computing. First were the companies, for obvious needs streamlining and shrinking budgets, who took advantage of this possibility. Then spread and there are also social and community applications that have been developed g hanks to the cloud computing.
In a founder article published in Wired in 2006, George Gilder explained that the good thing about tag technology is that its design and operation very similar to the human brain and have the advantage that it happens in the exterior r, the edge of the cloud, the center provides intelligence and improves it, providing feedback throughout the system in the interests of progressive development.
literary Clouds
In our country there are several people that take time to consider this issue in their possibilities des for reading. One of the most active is Javier Celaya, an expert on new technologies and responsible for the portal www.dosdoce.com . The other day hanging Celaya post on his blog on the American platform Copy ( http://www.thecopia.com/home/index.html ) , which I found very interesting . Copy not only allows downloading and sharing books in all formats (Internet, mobile, digital readouts, iPads, etc.) But also share their readings. Presented as a social application, thanks to copy users read a specific book, but also eat tari, underlining or marginal notes made by other readers of the same platform, which can respond and they can add their own. The result is a kind read community, where the assessment and score of other books to help you choose Copy, the tastes of readers who feel a greater affinity or harmony in the light of your comments can guide the next purchase. The overall reading comments on a book gives a new dimension to this, to form a large interactive glosses over some parts of the text or understood as a set. Copy of time no longer works in the United States, it is no coincidence since it is the country with a more active sales market and reading books. But this and other experiences can afford and begin to think about the doors that can open up unexpected possibilities for l to reading and literary criticism.
possibilities for literary criticism
Copy the light I can think of at least two ways in which this or other similar platforms res can be used to expand our old concept of literary criticism and use it in favor of a more hermeneusis current editing and critique tag cloud.
1) The critical edition
editions of books, as you know, involve taking a book Classic or canon and re-publish with a prologue and an epilogue critical scholar, and populate the text notes that expand
or complete, and the interpretation of some obscure words or words borrowed from other languages, or inserting explanatory notes at the bottom. Publishing world is a very notarized and whose procedures, with few exceptions, remain virtually unchanged for decades or even centuries, for not vary too much from the comments of Brocense Garcilaso or first hermeneutics of Góngora. Electronic publishing has improved things, of course, and so there are projects like the Virtual Library Miguel de Cervantes, Cervantes Virtual Center ( here, an example of an edited Becquer Rima) and the Cervantes Project, Texas A & M University, who are preparing an edition of Don Quixote in these terms:
So now we think our project in terms not of a variorum edition but a hypertext file to produce and display a number of issues individual texts from different base, incorporating dynamic different types of variants, multiple scoring categories and levels of critical commentary. [1]
These resources have been a breakthrough for researchers and interested readers, but why stop there, but keep looking ways of working. Now imagine what it would a critical edition cloud. The reader would be reading in your computer, your mobile or ebook the text of any book on your screen and progress could decide what dimensions or notes you want to read or contrast and what not. These notes will be marked with colors or small signs, not to hinder the reading, and once opened can have a free space, running from the mere etymological reference to a line to a whole essay on the importance of that word or that paragraph have for the interpretation of the author. You can include links to other editions, as well as variations and other glosses ecdotics as a possibility.
The issue may be individual, a commentator, or several at once, that overturn each one's vision the same passage, for example. An edition of the Solitudes of Góngora can hypothetically digital version commented out while by Damaso Alonso, Robert Jammes, John Beverley, etc., Each with their distinguished marks or notes color. The player chooses whether to consult a note all or none. You can also add to those presented their own or those provided by members (professional or otherwise) of the reading community, which is what these issues differ from most existing hypertext and electronic editions, which are not social by not allowing interactivity instantaneously (or prevented at all). Doctoral work at universities may include collective editing and tag the same text, where the corpus original enriched the discussions and contributions of all. A symposium on Borges narrative can end up being a digital edition of one of the books (if permission is obtained agents) completed and expanded by all participants of the conference with their presentations, most interventions in the debates. This renewed the conservative format of "minutes" of the conferences and seminars. Going further, the issues may include the superposition of two books. I think the Ulysses Joyce and James Joyce's Ulysses of Stuart Gilbert, who could be published together by editing cloud, and in turn improve the joint publication and full of Ulysses anotate of Don Gifford. These metaediciones can take it as far as you want. With the advantage that, when community issues are always in motion, capable of being widened and improved by successive waves of readers and critics, which reveal real-time relevance and strength of a classic or loss of force after time. Faced with all the traditional critical editions, and I think the vast majority of services (I know the UOC and other universities have electronic editions, but I can not access them), these editions can be rebutted tag turn criticized to be placed in community. Likewise, readers can share their notes or those of others in social networks to which they belong, and can set automatic warning systems whenever there is a new post or update.
2) Criticism Cloud : criticism and editing, as new editions, such as version and retaliation.
combed the wind, straining the jungle
Luis de Gongora
While the above explanations seems quite obvious and predictable, I think we have to use your imagination to see how literary criticism can be reactivated, updated, revived and encouraged by these technological possibilities. Criticism has been associated since its birth not so much possibilities of writing as reading. In fact, its historical birth as "gender" itself is often associated with stable and widespread dissemination of the newspaper at a very late eighteenth and early nineteenth [2] . So these tremendous changes taking place in the current form of reading necessarily end up having their influence on the way to analyze the books, since the criticism is not only a second-grade reading, or reading their professional readers read texts.
Of course, all this refers to the critical edition also appeals to criticism since the issue is one of their means. But you can create other forms of connection between text and criticism through the cloud.
Unlike traditional criticism, which creates a new text or different compared to the original text, criticism could mean a new tag intervention on existing text. We have, curiously, a narrative example of how critics might work in cloud: the novel Another damn novel about the Civil War! (2007), Isaac Rosa. Rosa It performs a brave retaliation for his previous novel, The malamemoria (1999), which unabashedly criticize interspersed with digressions in the book itself . The mechanism seems to me a unique power to explain what is self-criticism, but critics and even cloud review: Imagine that in addition to Rosa could you intervene own text, paragraphs of comment The malamemoria , but also comment on Rosa's comments and the comments other readers, and even Rosa potential comments to the comments of his comments. It would be a jungle, yes, but the result is just what criticism tries: see , clarify meanings, links, context, discourse on what has been written, either to settle their scope or to broaden their horizon of understanding. Now, imagine that all this material created from the novel-origin can edit, share, comment, rate it, discuss it or continue extending to infinity in a small, large or huge community of interested readers. This madness, this impossibility, this wonder, these wild writing will criticism cloud.
But we keep thinking about other ways to expand the critical field. One of them, also through the options tag, allow publishers to provide enriched versions of his books, as a second special edition, where the sheer volume in the electronic version incorporates reviews considered particularly valuable on text. In recent times have been released expanded versions of texts year Tangier next , Ramon Buenaventura (electronic edition), or The century traveler , Andrew Neuman (paperback copy), supplemented by texts coming of the authors and others, relating to the original editions. In the case of Buenaventura even include essays and interviews with the author about the novel. This textual enrichment contributes to a horizon of meaning on the texts, in principle, the critical tag should also enlarge the negative or critical reviews, not only favorable, provided that both were interesting. Would edit various forms of criticism within the electronic edition, but it's interesting that when the review relates to specific paragraphs or passages of the book, can be accessed from them. For example, when there was an influence, appointment or intertext not clarified by the author of the original work, it could make a mark on the place and make this clear in a footnote. The critical intervention could also be extended to link certain digital content to clarify or expand what is written. Just as in this blog we posted the video of Dan Graham referred to DeLillo's novel Omega Point in our review of the work, this can be done in the third generation digital readers and the reader can have a clear idea of \u200b\u200bwhat the author is referring to the reference. If the work tells of a famous oil painting, can be inserted as quoted the image of it (if rights managers allow it, of course, as always). Here again, readers could highlight, select, comment and share any and all materials incorporated.
Cloud criticism admits more possibilities. Another is the publication of a book commented by a critic. In the same way that deuvedés long supported a version of the film with comments from the director or actors, it is impossible to critical electronic edition of the work to be explaining or commenting on the book. The second reading, allegedly granted, is there in the background, without disturbing the first. Only when the reader would appear, perhaps in the margin or underprinting, critical reading, which would be particularly suitable for rereading the book or reading research.
When it comes to desktop publishing (ie, the ability to edit the book itself without intermediaries) through the web, always appeals to a big problem: the disappearance of the editor, not only removes the "print", but and also fundamental form vanishes the person who takes care of editing, revising the text, which detects contradictions peering through the writer, who provides balance and debug everything from the structure of the work to the syntax. A good editor is the best possible fit of a writer, as you know all those who have been fortunate to have one or more good. Desktop publishing, by contrast, relies a final touch to the person making the finish first, which is always dangerous, either because the authors do not have the necessary self-criticism or because they lack the necessary knowledge of their language (which happens more than is desirable, unbelievably). The figure of the critic might be a solution to this problem as something of a good editor is the first critical of it. If a writer publishes on its website its own work without intermediaries make us suspicious, but if that issue is supported by the comment of one critic recognized tag, restore the confidence of the reader, since then is the critic who prestige is at stake next to the author.
Another possibility would be the critical issues , that without the academic rigor expected in a critical edition, prepared a critical comment to a constant work or a figure who knows the background. I think in an edition of Bolaño made by Echevarría, or a Julian Rios made by Julio Ortega, in which even personal comments and join the non-literary text, dramatically expanding the horizon of reception and understanding. Many critics or writers have written memorable pages recalling how this or that friend wrote certain paragraph or motive or character of their works. These texts or similar charge to that effect, could be another way of reissuing classic or unpublished texts with a greater incentive for potential buyers. An edition of Hopscotch where twenty or thirty known writers tell how they lived the first encounter with certain phrases, paragraphs or characters, annotated glosses on the book itself, would be a wonderful way to reread the novel by Cortázar.
These are some of the possibilities that have occurred vuelapluma me, but surely there are more. As many as readers or as books. The critical tag puts us at the door of possibilities that had not previously even dreamed of. At this critical-defended network and critical-blog now joins excess cloud has the advantage of being democratic and horizontal, eliminating hierarchies and giving at least the discursive and technical instruments to bring them into question. Books had never been so free, nor literary criticism. If, as the great Cyril Connolly, "The aim of the critic is revenge on the creator" now has the tools to make up for the revenge of him, and that to increase his every paragraph, every sentence, every work of each writer. And we, as readers, means to take revenge on one another. Or applaud, of course.
[1] See Eduardo Urbina, Richard Furuta, Rajiv Kochumman and Erendira Melgoza, " The electronic edition variorum of Quijote: progress and current status ", Cervantes Project, Center for the Study of Digital Libraries Texas A & M University, available at http://cervantes.tamu.edu/pubs/AC-Roma1.pdf .
[2] TW Adorno, "On the crisis of literary criticism, literature Notes. Complete Works, 11 , Akal, Madrid, 2003, p. 642.
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